每日一篇:《经济学人》读译参考 Day5

    英语是一门需要耐心积累沉淀的学科，想要学好它，速成是不可取的。跟着聚英考研网小编每天学一点英语，一起为考研筑起坚实的地基。
    经济学人:公司理论:科斯集结令(2)
    Briefing  The theory of the firm: Coase call
    概述 公司理论：科斯集结令

    A well-defined task can easily be put out to the market, where a contractor is paid a fixed sum for doing it.The firm comes into its own when simple contracts of this kind will not suffice.Instead, an employee agrees to follow varied and changing instructions, up to agreed limits, for a fixed salary.
    译文
    定义明确的任务可以被轻轻松松地交于市场。在那里，签约人被付给一笔固定的钱来完成这项任务。当这类简单的合约不够用时，公司会转向自身。为了一笔固定的薪水，雇员会转而同意听从种类繁多和不断变化的指令。

    Coase had first set out his theory while working as a lecturer in Dundee, in 1932, having spent the prior academic year in America, visiting factories and businesses.“The nature of the firm”, his paper, did not appear for another five years, in part because he was reluctant to rush into print.Though widely cited today, it went largely unread at first.
    译文
    科斯是在1932在敦提做讲师时第一次提出他的理论的，之前一个学年，他是在美国度过的，游历了许多工厂和公司。他的论文——《公司的性质》(The nature of the firm)在那之后的5年中没有出场，部分是因为他不情愿匆忙出版。尽管这篇论文如今被广泛引用，最初却乏人问津。

    But a second paper, “The problem of social cost”, published in 1960, by which time he had moved to America, brought him to prominence.It argued that private bargaining could resolve social problems, such as pollution, as long as property rights are well defined and transaction costs are low (they rarely are).
    译文
    但是，在他已经移居美国的1960年发表的第二篇论文——《社会成本问题》(The problem of social cost)却让他名声大振。这篇论文指出，只要产权有明确的定义而且（很少低廉的）交易成本低廉，私下的讨价还价能够解决污染这类社会问题。

    He had been asked to expound his new theory earlier that year to a sceptical audience of University of Chicago economists.By the end of the evening, he had won everyone around.Coase was invited to join the university's faculty in 1964; and there he remained until his death in 2013 at the age of 102.
    译文
    那一年的早些时候，他曾被要求向芝加哥大学经济学家中一群持怀疑态度的听众解释他的新理论。到那天晚上为止，他赢得了在场的每一个人。1964年，科斯应受邀加入这所大学，并且在那里一直执教到2013年他以102岁高龄去世为止。

    注释
    1.as long as 只要
    例句:As long as I deliver the goods, my boss is very happy.
    只要我做好本职工作，我的老板就很高兴。
    2.at first 最初
    例句:At first, I gave him the benefit of the doubt.
    起初，我姑且相信了他。
    3.put out 出版；熄灭
    例句:The government had put out a press release naming the men.
    政府已经发布了新闻稿，宣布这些人的任命。
    4.rush into 仓促行事
    例句:He will not rush into any decisions.
    他不会草率作出任何决定的。

    推荐阅读：
    1.2019考研：专业课全年复习规划+学习方法指导
    2.2019考研：想轻松背英语单词？你应该先掌握单词前缀